Ethar's Notes

 Hello everyone,

I have gathered some information for our essay about language function:      

1- The function of speech include generally two types:

- Affective (or social) function. 

- Referential (or informative) function.

2-While speech is always spoken language, Robins (19891: 78) defines speech as follows:

“one human being, by movements beginning at his diaphragm and involving ‘various parts of his chest, throat, mouth, and nasal passages creates disturbances in the air around him, which within a limited distances  from  him  have  a  perceptible effect on the ear-drums and through them on the brains of other people, and the hearer can,   if  they belong  to the  same

3-In general linguistics, speech can be studied in phonetics and pronunciation. In sociolinguistics, it is related to the culture of community where the speech is produced and functional and it called that speech functions. In this case, body language may involve.

4-When we communicate with other people, we are always trying to do something with our language--we may want to invite someone, offend someone, or compliment someone. Whenever we speak, our language has these so-called speech functions.

5-We use four basic speech functions in conversation:

	Statements: Bozo was helping her.
	Questions: Who was helping her?
	Commands: Help me!
	Offers: Can I help you?

We use these basic speech functions to interact and negotiate with others. Almost all of the language we use in our everyday interactions with others can be accounted for by these four basic speech functions.

If the talk is about information, then we are either giving information (making Statements) or we are demanding information (asking Questions).If the interaction is not about information but about obtaining goods or services, then we are either giving goods or services (making Offers) or demanding goods or services (making Commands)

Reference\

http://jlt-polinema.org/?tag=speech-function 

https://www.tesol.org/enhance-your-career/career-development/beginning-your-career/teaching-english-as-a-foreign-language-questions-and-answers/tefl-q-and-a-chapter-5-

http://www.fe.hku.hk/telec/pgram/5-gr/522f/522-014.htmteaching-speech-functions

Elaf's Notes

Hello there, here is my notes for tomorrow's lecture which is about language function:

 -Language serves a range of functions.

 -It is usually adjusted the speech to suit the social context of speech. 

-There are a number of ways of categorizing the functions of speech: 

1-Expressive utterances (express the speaker’s feelings)

e.g. I’m feeling great today.

 2_ Directive utterances (used to get someone to do something)

e.g. clear the table. 

3_ Referential utterances (provide information) 

e.g. At the third stroke it will be three 12 o’clock precisely. 

4_ Metalinguistic utterances (comment on language itself) 

e.g. ‘hegemony’ is not a common word.

5_Poetic utterances (focus on aesthetic features of language)

 e.g. a poem, an ear-catching motto, 

a rhyme, peter piper picked a peek of pickled peppers.

6_ Phatic utterances (express solidarity and empathy with others)

e.g. Hi, how are you, lovely day isn’t it?

_  Any utterances may in fact express more than one function

 _and any function may be expressed by a stretch of discourse which doesn’t exactly coincide with an utterance.

_ They seem to be very fundamental functions of language, perhaps because they derive from the basic components of any interaction

- the speaker (expressive), the addressee (directive) and the message (referential).

REFERENCE 

Allen and Corder (ed.). 1975. Papers in Applied Linguistics Language Teaching. 

An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London and New York: Longman. 

http://www.diditlinguist.blogspot.com/2013/05/speech-functions-politeness-and-cross.html

http://www.jlt-polinema.org/?tag=politeness

Speech function *notes*

Hello everyone.

This week our topic is about The Speech Function.

I'm going write some notes related to our topic and I hope it be useful.

1- Language serves a range of functions. It is usually adjusted the speech to suit the social context of speech. The language we talk to a child may be different from the language we talk to our customer or colleague though the purpose is the same. The different purposes of talk can also affect the form of language and the variety of ways.  

2- Speech Functions for Sociolinguistics 

Conveying Information and Expressing Social Relationships

1.  Expressive  (express speaker's feelings e.g. I feel great today.)

2.  Directive  (get others to do things e.g. Clean up your room.)

3.  Referential (provide information e.g. The apples are on the table.)

4.  Metalinguistic (comments on language e.g. Nouns can be mass or count.)

5.  Poetic (aesthetic language--poems, mottos, rhymes e.g. A stitch in time saves nine.)

6.  Phatic (language for solidarity and empathy e.g. Yo, bro. Put 'er there.)

References:

1- http://jlt-polinema.org/?tag=speech-function

2- users.clas.ufl.edu/rthompso/speechfunctions.html

Age differences in sociolinguistic

Hello everyone.

I'm going to write notes about age differences in sociolinguistic. 

I read many information we can summarize them in points.

1- Age-variation: is a stable variation which varies within a population based on age. That is, speakers of a particular age will use a specific linguistic form in successive generations. 

2- Recent longitudinal studies in sociolinguistics have confirmed that some adults change their speech as they age, and that changes can occur at many levels of the grammar. 

3- We find that children have linguistics mistakes because they imitate adults speech. When they grow up their speech becomes closely as adults' speech. 

4- Soci- olinguists have attempted to classify the scenarios in which individual linguistic change is possible.

5- The term ‘age grading’ has been most frequently applied to a subset of cases in which the individual responds to the pressures of the standard language market by mark- ing the transition to middle adulthood with more conservative speech patterns than they had previously employed as adolescents and young adults.

Reference:

Age Grading in Sociolinguistic Theory. By Suzanne Evans Wagner. Michigan State University.

beginning notes

Hello everyone, I have started to read about the topic we have   chosen and begin to taking small notes as a start. I focused on the gender differences in sociolinguistic 

1- the definition of gender is generally either the male or female division of a species, especially as differentiated by social and cultural roles and behaviour.

2-Language and gender itself is an area of study within sociolinguistic 

3-The linguistics forms used by women and men contrast in many different ways . 

4-it is claimed that women are more linguistically polite than men .

5- for example if you come cross these two questions:

• oh dear, who left the ice-cream outside the fridge, again?
• damn! who left the ice-cream outside the fridge, again?

.you will easily recognise the gender for the two question from the use of forms 

6- the English language has three gender specific pronouns; he (masculine), she (feminine), and it (neuter used for objects). 

 reference:

1- Sociolinguistic (Sex and Age)Published by Astri Situmorang in http://www.scribd.com/doc/135070606/Sociolinguistic-Sex-and-Age#scribd

2- language and gender: an advanced resource book by Jane sunderland.

3-http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gender

.I will update this page with my additional note soon, if you have any comment feel free to write it

our topic

Hello

First, let me show our topic that we would discuss within Sociolinguistics lecture Inshallah,

we want to discuss Gender and Age in sociolinguistics in different ways.

we hope that you'll enjoy with us.

the particpants :

_Elaf Ali.

_Nourah Aldhwyan.

_Ethar Almansour.

and here we will share with you our ideas and referncess.

*If you have any comment or suggestion feel free to write down .